{"id":626,"date":"2021-07-29T16:00:00","date_gmt":"2021-07-29T16:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/?p=626"},"modified":"2021-08-17T12:37:12","modified_gmt":"2021-08-17T12:37:12","slug":"un-sujet-de-bac-desoriente","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/un-sujet-de-bac-desoriente\/","title":{"rendered":"A (dis)oriented BAC subject"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>In the batch of oriented baccalaureate (BAC) subjects <sup>[1]<\/sup>, the proposal for the March 2021 SES test made a particular impression on us. On page 12, the subject of the third part is presented as follows <sup>[2]<\/sup> :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\"><p>Using your knowledge and the documentary record, you will show how innovation can be a solution to the ecological limits of economic growth.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p>The file referred to includes a graph showing the significant increase in national R&amp;D spending on environmental protection between 2006 and 2015 <sup>[3]<\/sup>. In addition, there is an article extolling the virtues of renewable energies and presenting them as a viable alternative to fossil fuels. Finally, the decrease in carbon intensity per km driven by car between 2007 and 2017 is presented in graph form.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Reprenons les trois arguments afin de mettre en \u00e9vidence les faiblesses de ce sujet. Tout d\u2019abord, l\u2019\u00e9volution positive des d\u00e9penses en faveur de l\u2019environnement nous met en garde sur la superficialit\u00e9 des arguments propos\u00e9s. En effet, face \u00e0 l\u2019urgence de la transition abord\u00e9e dans le sujet, les moyens mis en place, si on\u00e9reux soient-ils, ne suffisent absolument pas, seuls les r\u00e9sultats comptent. Or, lorsqu&#8217;on \u00e9tudie la corr\u00e9lation entre \u00e9nergie consomm\u00e9e et PIB (seul indicateur de croissance \u00e9conomique \u00e0 ce jour) au niveau mondial <sup>[4]<\/sup>, despite the efforts made in innovation, economic growth remains closely linked to energy consumption. In order to grow, GDP therefore needs additional energy, and innovation does not change this fact. How can economic growth and GHG emissions be decoupled in this context?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"824\" height=\"478\" src=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/energie_graph9.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-628\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/energie_graph9.jpg 824w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/energie_graph9-300x174.jpg 300w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/energie_graph9-768x446.jpg 768w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/energie_graph9-640x371.jpg 640w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 824px) 100vw, 824px\" \/><figcaption>PIB mondial en dollars constants (axe vertical) par rapport \u00e0 la consommation mondiale d&#8217;\u00e9nergie en millions de tonnes \u00e9quivalent p\u00e9trole (axe horizontal), de 1965 \u00e0 2014.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The second document of the corpus tries to answer this problem. Renewable energies are presented as the miracle solution:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li>There is a general trend to abandon fossil fuels in favor of renewables. This first statement is simply not true. The trend is rather to add renewable energy to an ever-increasing fossil fuel fleet.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\"><figure class=\"aligncenter size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"458\" height=\"295\" src=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/approvisionnement-mondial.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-629\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/approvisionnement-mondial.png 458w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/approvisionnement-mondial-300x193.png 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" \/><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>15% of the world's electricity is generated from renewable sources, which implies that we are on a good trajectory to reach the 85% renewable primary energy commitment by 2050.<\/strong> A classic confusion has crept in here between electricity and energy. Electricity is simply a part of the energy consumed. This is why, at the global level, only 5% of energy comes from renewable sources <sup>[5]<\/sup>. We are still far from the 85% objective.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\"><li><strong>Solar and wind power yields have made significant progress in recent years.<\/strong> Once again, this statement is incorrect since the load factor<sup>1 <\/sup>de ces technologies n&#8217;a quasiment pas \u00e9volu\u00e9 entre 2012 et 2021 et oscille entre 5% et 50% <sup>[6]<\/sup>.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"361\" src=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-1024x361.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-630\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-1024x361.png 1024w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-300x106.png 300w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-768x271.png 768w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-1536x542.png 1536w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-640x226.png 640w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-960x339.png 960w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41-1280x452.png 1280w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.43.41.png 1660w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There is therefore no evidence that renewable energies are replacing fossil fuels. This paper shows that economic growth cannot continue without depleting the limited resources of fossil energy. This depletion also results in the emission of quantities of GHGs well above the limits set by the Paris Agreement.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Le dernier argument apparaissant dans le corpus est un classique : l\u2019innovation permet d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 des machines ce qui induit une baisse des diff\u00e9rents impacts, dont l\u2019impact carbone. Malheureusement, dans la vraie vie,Le dernier argument qui appara\u00eet dans le corpus est un classique : l\u2019innovation permet d\u2019am\u00e9liorer l\u2019efficacit\u00e9 et le rendement des machines, ce qui induit une baisse des diff\u00e9rents impacts, dont l\u2019impact carbone. Malheureusement, la r\u00e9alit\u00e9 est tout autre. Tout le monde sait que le prix d\u2019un produit est \u00e9gal au prix unitaire multipli\u00e9 par la quantit\u00e9. Pour le carbone c\u2019est la m\u00eame chose. L\u2019impact carbone est \u00e9gal \u00e0 l\u2019intensit\u00e9 carbone&nbsp; multipli\u00e9e par la quantit\u00e9 impliqu\u00e9e, ce qui permet d\u2019avoir un r\u00e9sultat homog\u00e8ne \u00e0 une masse de CO2 \u00e9mis dans l&#8217;atmosph\u00e8re. Dans le cas d&#8217;une voiture, ce serait donc la quantit\u00e9 de CO2 expuls\u00e9e sur un km, multipli\u00e9e par la distance parcourue. Ainsi en ne regardant que le prix, c&#8217;est-\u00e0 -dire l\u2019\u00e9volution de l\u2019intensit\u00e9 carbone d\u2019un km parcouru en voiture, on occulte l\u2019autre moiti\u00e9 du probl\u00e8me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"1024\" height=\"991\" src=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-1024x991.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-631\" srcset=\"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-1024x991.png 1024w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-300x290.png 300w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-768x743.png 768w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-640x620.png 640w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-960x929.png 960w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41-24x24.png 24w, https:\/\/jybe.fr\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/Capture-de\u0301cran-2021-06-18-a\u0300-10.45.41.png 1252w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>However, if we look at the other half, we realize that the number of kilometers traveled in France by vehicle has increased between 2007 and 2017 by 16.9%! <sup>[7]<\/sup> It is true that vehicles emit a little less for each km driven, but the number of km increases on the other side. Moreover, the average age of the French car fleet is 10.2 years <sup>[8]<\/sup>. The improvement in the performance of new vehicles will therefore only be felt in ten years and not immediately.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A well-informed student cannot therefore demonstrate the proposition of the topic from the documents in the corpus. Innovation, as discussed here, with wind turbines and high-tech combustion engines, is not a solution to ecological limits. It is interesting to note that only one of these limits is addressed: the climate. But the issues of biodiversity, depletion of rare earths, water and many others are not addressed. While the IPCC and IPBES are starting to work together on climate-biodiversity issues <sup>[9]<\/sup>, this oversight is a stain.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At Jybe, we believe that innovation can still allow us to adapt to planetary limits in order to continue living comfortably. However, behind this term we think of many more exciting topics than solar panels and cars. By exploring around the world topics such as low-tech, ancient technical knowledge, alternative economic and societal models and resilience, we hope to soon be able to offer real innovations to make our presence on the planet sustainable in the long run.&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"has-small-font-size\"><sup>1<\/sup> Facteur de charge : Le facteur de charge est le rapport entre l&#8217;\u00e9nergie \u00e9lectrique effectivement produite sur une p\u00e9riode donn\u00e9e et l&#8217;\u00e9nergie qu&#8217;elle aurait produite si elle avait fonctionn\u00e9 \u00e0 sa puissance nominale durant la m\u00eame p\u00e9riode.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator is-style-wide\"\/>\n\n\n\n<p>Sources :<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[1]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.mediapart.fr\/journal\/economie\/140621\/bac-2021-en-economie-un-sujet-loin-d-etre-neutre\">https:\/\/www.mediapart.fr\/journal\/economie\/140621\/bac-2021-en-economie-un-sujet-loin-d-etre-neutre<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[2]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.sujetdebac.fr\/annales-pdf\/2021\/spe-sciences-eco-sociales-2021-metropole-2-sujet-officiel.pdf\">https:\/\/www.sujetdebac.fr\/annales-pdf\/2021\/spe-sciences-eco-sociales-2021-metropole-2-sujet-officiel.pdf<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[3]<a href=\"http:\/\/www.donnees.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr\/lesessentiels\/indicateurs\/a200.html\">http:\/\/www.donnees.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr\/lesessentiels\/indicateurs\/a200.html<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[4] <a href=\"https:\/\/theshiftproject.org\/lien-pib-energie\/7\">https:\/\/theshiftproject.org\/lien-pib-energie\/7<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[5] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gazprom-energy.fr\/gazmagazine\/2020\/08\/le-mix-energetique-mondial-en-2020\/\">De quoi se compose le mix \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique mondial en 2020 ? (gazprom-energy.fr)<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[6]<a href=\"https:\/\/opendata.reseaux-energies.fr\/explore\/embed\/dataset\/fc-tc-nationaux-mensuels-eolien-solaire\/analyze\/?dataChart=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\">https:\/\/opendata.reseaux-energies.fr\/explore\/embed\/dataset\/fc-tc-nationaux-mensuels-eolien-solaire\/analyze\/?dataChart=eyJxdWVyaWVzIjpbeyJjaGFydHMiOlt7InR5cGUiOiJsaW5lIiwiZnVuYyI6IlNVTSIsInlBeGlzIjoiZmNfbW95ZW5fZW9saWVuIiwiY29sb3IiOiIjN0E5QUFEIiwic2NpZW50aWZpY0Rpc3BsYXkiOnRydWV9LHsidHlwZSI6ImxpbmUiLCJmdW5jIjoiU1VNIiwieUF4aXMiOiJmY19tb3llbl9zb2xhaXJlIiwiY29sb3IiOiIjRjZBQjREIiwic2NpZW50aWZpY0Rpc3BsYXkiOnRydWV9XSwieEF4aXMiOiJtb2lzIiwibWF4cG9pbnRzIjoiIiwidGltZXNjYWxlIjoibW9udGgiLCJzb3J0IjoiIiwiY29uZmlnIjp7ImRhdGFzZXQiOiJmYy10Yy1uYXRpb25hdXgtbWVuc3Vl<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[7]SDES-Bilan de la circulation d&#8217;apr\u00e8s SDES, CCFA, Setra, Asfa, Kantar-Worldpanel, TNS-Sofres, CPDP<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[8]<a href=\"https:\/\/www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr\/382-millions-de-voitures-en-circulation-en-france\">https:\/\/www.statistiques.developpement-durable.gouv.fr\/382-millions-de-voitures-en-circulation-en-france<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>[9] <a href=\"https:\/\/www.actu-environnement.com\/ae\/news\/interview-anne-larigauderie-ipbes-climat-biodiversite-rapport-atelier-37685.php4\">\u00ab Climat et biodiversit\u00e9 doivent d\u00e9sormais \u00eatre abord\u00e9s ensemble \u00bb (actu-environnement.com)<\/a><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Dans le lot des sujets de BAC orient\u00e9s [1], la proposition pour l\u2019\u00e9preuve de SES de mars 2021 nous a particuli\u00e8rement marqu\u00e9. On vous en parle dans cet article.<\/p>","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":632,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"inline_featured_image":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[50],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-626","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-societe","blog-item","isotope-item"],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/626","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=626"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/626\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":659,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/626\/revisions\/659"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/632"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=626"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=626"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/jybe.fr\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=626"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}